4,535 confined youth nearly 1 in 10 are incarcerated in adult jails and prisons, where they face greater safety risks and fewer age-appropriate services are available to them.1213 At least another 28,190 are held in the three types of juvenile facilities that are best described as correctional facilities: (1) detention centers, (2) long-term secure facilities, and (3) reception/diagnostic centers.14 99.7% of all youth in these three types of correctional facilities are restricted by locked doors, gates, or fences15 rather than staff-secured, and 60% are in large facilities designed for more than 50 youth. Much of the progress can be attributed to the work of advocates who pushed for federal legislation to protect confined youth (especially PREA and the JJDPA), and for state laws that raised the age of juvenile court jurisdiction, discouraged transfers to adult courts, and allowed for more individualized sentencing. July 24, 2022 by Isabella. Correctional Officer Recruits and the Prison Environment: Comparative International Rates of Incarceration: International Comparisons of Criminal Justice Statistics, 2000, U.S. continues to be world leader in rate of incarceration, Prisoner Statistics, 2000 England and Wales, International Comparisons of Criminal Justice Statistics, 1999, World Prison Population List (second edition). var fragment = document.createDocumentFragment(); Rather than any of the founding NATO member countries traditionally compared to the United States, the only countries that approach the incarceration rate and "violent crime" rates of the 50 states are El Salvador, Panama, Peru, and Turkey. Recidivism is described as the relapse of criminal activity that culminates in the re-arrest, reconviction, and/or reimprisonment of a person. Only Tennessee, Connecticut and Arizona experienced . 3,133 (19%) were committed after adjudication or criminal conviction. Subscribe to our newsletters to get our data, reports and news in your inbox. An infographic from the Annie E. Casey Foundation presents positive and negative trends in youth incarceration between 1995 and 2019 and recommendations for more effective responses than incarceration when young people break the law. The organization is most well-known for its big-picture publication Mass Incarceration: The Whole Pie that helps the public more fully engage in criminal justice reform. No other country incarcerates as many people, including countries with similar rates of" Keeping COVID Out of Prisons: Approaches in Ten Countries Institute for Crime & Justice Policy Research, May, 2021 "The . 187 are held for property offenses, and 359 are held for technical violations or drug, public order, or status offenses. The incarceration rate in the U.S. varies greatly by U.S. state. This does not include youth in Indian country facilities, as not all of these details are available in the Bureau of Justice Statistics report, . Yet in 2017, over 40% of detained youth had been held for longer than 30 days, and nearly 500 had already been detained for over a year. Adult prisons and jails are unquestionably the worst places for youth. Sentencing and Prison Practices in Germany and the Netherlands: International Growth Trends in Prison Privatization, Racial Disparities in Criminal Court Processing in the United States, The Whitaker Committee Report 20 Years On -. fragment.appendChild(document.getElementById('pretrial_image')); Boot camp: A secure facility that operates like military basic training. The number of youth held in adult prisons and jails has also dropped dramatically (see that chart here), although nearly 1 in 10 confined youth are still held in adult facilities. Definitions: Persons under age 21 detained, incarcerated or placed in residential facilities. According to federal guidance, the purpose of juvenile detention is to confine only those youth who are serious, violent, or chronic offenders pending legal action. This figure does not include the 2,558 youth detained for technical violations, status offenses, other drug offenses, or other public order offenses while they awaited these hearings, because we already included them in the roughly 13,500 youth held for low-level offenses that could be released. Here is that info as provided by World Prison Brief: In addition to the numbers referenced in the main table,[8] see info about additional detainees, and alleged detainees, at Immigration detention in Australia and Punishment in Australia. On any given day, nearly 60,000 youth under age 18 are incarcerated in juvenile jails and prisons in the United States. As of 2010, only 33 in every 100,000 California youth ages 10-17 were confined in State correctional facilities. Yet, in the United States, the odds remain high that youth charged with a crime will be locked up 36, 000 young people are in custody today. Detention center: A short-term facility that provides temporary care in a physically restricting environment for juveniles in custody pending court disposition and, often, for juveniles who are adjudicated delinquent and awaiting disposition or placement elsewhere, or are awaiting transfer to another jurisdiction. Which country has the highest youth incarceration rate? Juvenile facilities in the Census of Juveniles in Residential Placement (CJRP) self-classify into one of nine categories, which we have divided into correctional facilities, which are more restrictive, and residential-style facilities, which may allow youths more freedom to participate in community life (school, work, etc.) A group of human rights attorneys have filed a joint submission urging the United Nations to review abusive solitary confinement practices used in the U.S . Jails in Indian Country, 2016 reports at least 56 unconvicted youth in facilities holding only people age 17 or younger. For years, the US has remained a leader among the countries with the highest incarceration rates. Outside of these correctional-style facilities, another 15,400 youth are in more residential style facilities that are typically less restrictive, but vary tremendously, ranging from secure, military-style boot camps to group homes where youth may leave to attend school or go to work. document.getElementById('pretrial_image_on_mobile').appendChild(fragment); All of our recent reports about prison/jail growth, racial disparities, and more, re-organized by state. Not only that, America also puts more people in prison per capita than in any other independent democracy. In fact, National leaders in juvenile justice support the prohibition of juvenile detention as a dispositional option., The most common placement for committed (sentenced) youth is in long-term secure facilities, where the conditions of confinement invite comparisons to prisons. Also at Law enforcement in Cuba. Illinois's youth incarceration rate dropped 36-percent between 1997 and 2010. Rates are for year-end 2018. The progress toward decarceration in the juvenile system cant be attributed to any single change; rather, historical factors, ongoing research, and dogged advocacy efforts all played important roles. Prison incarceration rate per 100,000: 206 (#44 highest among all states) Jail population (2013): 7,170. The world median prison population rate - the number of prisoners in a country per 100,000 people in the general population - is 145 . Recidivism Rates by Country 2023. The data source (World Prison Brief) does not list an incarceration rate for the United Kingdom as a whole, with its territories, and other subnational areas, etc.. In addition to the numbers referenced in the main table,[9] see info about additional detainees, and alleged detainees, at Re-education through labor, Laogai, and Xinjiang internment camps. As of 2018, Oklahoma, Louisiana, and Mississippi hold the highest incarceration rates nationwide, with a respective 1,079, 1,052, and 1,039 people per 100,000 . The fact that nearly 50,000 youth are confined today often for low-level offenses or before theyve had a hearing signals that reforms are badly needed in the juvenile justice system. Confinement rates declined for youth of all races and ethnicities. A new report finds youth incarceration is down nationwide, but California still has a fairly high rate: 271 per 100,000 young people. /** Includes ranches, forestry camps, wilderness or marine programs, or farms. But juvenile justice reform advocates have also had success with strategies to both improve conditions and reduce the use of confinement that the broader criminal justice reform movement can adopt. See: List of U.S. states and territories by incarceration and correctional supervision rate. See entry in Nat'l Criminal Justice Ref. The rate of juvenile incarceration in California showed an 80-percent decline between 1980 and 2010. Less than 21% of white youth with delinquency cases are detained, compared to 32% of Hispanic youth, 30% of Black youth, 26% of American Indian youth, and 25% of Asian, Native Hawaiian, or Pacific Islander youth. In 2015, Black youth's incarceration rate was 5.0 times as high as their white peers, an all-time peak. Total prisoner numbers were in the region of 162-164,000 in the four years prior to the pandemic, but had fallen to 147,922 in June 2020., We present evidence of how life in custody changed as a result of the global health emergency, drawn from over 80 interviews with prisoners, ex-prisoners and their loved ones, which we and our research partners conducted before and during the pandemic., Alice Ievins, Kristian Mjaland, March, 2021, Contrary to what might be expected, we find that the punishment of men convicted of sex offenses ismore paternalistic and interventionist in England & Wales, as well as more liberal--in that it respects the autonomy of the punished person--in Norway., The good news is that jail and prison populations remain lower than they were before COVID-19, but it's not obvious just how much of that is attributable to additional releases., Christopher Wildeman and Lars Hojsgaard Andersen, March, 2020, The results from matched difference-in-differences analyses show that Danish inmates placed in disciplinary segregation experience larger drops in employment and larger increases in the risk of being convicted of a new crime in the 3 years after release., This report updates how U.S. women fare in the world's carceral landscape, comparing incarceration rates for women of each U.S. state with the equivalent rates for countries around the world., Compared to the rest of the world, every U.S. state relies too heavily on prisons and jails to respond to crime., Penal Reform International and University of Nottingham, May, 2018, (The number of people serving formal life sentences has risen by nearly 84 percent in 14 years. Top 10 Countries with the highest rate of incarceration. The same is true for women, whose incarceration rates have for decades risen faster than men's, and who are often behind bars because of financial obstacles such as an inability to pay bail. 22 States should also look more closely at youth detained pretrial. 1,690 of these youth were held for status offenses, 1,820 for other drug offenses, 3,345 for other public order offenses, and 6,651 for technical violations. Time held pretrial isolates youth from their families and communities and exposes them to the risk of victimization while detained. Although many prior studies have documented that high incarceration rates are associated with harm to communitywide health, this study . Recidivism Rates by Country 2022. The infographic disaggregates data by race and ethnicity because the large reduction in the overall number of young people behind bars obscures a sobering reality: Black youth are 16 times as likely to be in custody as their Asian and Pacific Islander peers, four times as likely as white peers and three times as likely as Hispanic peers. Moving Beyond Youth Prisons. Our fiscal year ends on March 31 and we need you with us in the urgent work ahead. The probabilities of individual retreating are determined by various elements, including the person's situation before imprisonment, social . What are the differences between the various kinds of facilities that confine youth? Note. In 2017, 893 youth in adult prisons were incarcerated in state prisons. Other: Includes facilities such as alternative schools and independent living, etc. List of countries and some dependent territories and subnational areas by incarceration rate, Incarceration totals, rates, demographics, Sickmund, M., Sladky, T.J., Kang, W., & Puzzanchera, C.. ", Last edited on 24 February 2023, at 13:03, List of U.S. states and territories by incarceration and correctional supervision rate, Incarceration of women in the United States, List of countries by intentional homicide rate, "Highest to Lowest - Prison Population Total | World Prison Brief", "Highest to Lowest - Prison Population Rate | World Prison Brief", "Highest to Lowest - Female prisoners (percentage of prison population) | World Prison Brief", "Highest to Lowest - Foreign prisoners (percentage of prison population) | World Prison Brief", "Highest to Lowest - Occupancy level (based on official capacity) | World Prison Brief", "Highest to Lowest - Pre-trial detainees / remand prisoners | World Prison Brief", Easy Access to the Census of Juveniles in Residential Placement, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, Correctional Populations in the United States, 2016, Core Publications of the World Prison Brief, Data Analysis Tools Corrections Statistical Analysis Tool (CSAT) Prisoners, United States Bureau of Justice Statistics, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_countries_and_some_dependent_territories_and_subnational_areas_by_incarceration_rate&oldid=1141318916, This page was last edited on 24 February 2023, at 13:03. Marsha Weissman, Vidhya Ananthakrishnan . Individual donors give our organization the resources and flexibility to quickly turn our insights into new movement resources. Other leading incarcerators . These young children are sometimes confined for long periods of time. Downloaded . The number of youth reported in Indian Country facilities comes from the Bureau of Justice Statistics report Jails in Indian Country, 2019-2020 and . Native girls (134 per 100,000) are more than four times as likely as white girls to be incarcerated; African American girls (110 per 100,000) are three-and-a-half times as likely; and Latina girls (44 per 100,000) are 38% more likely. However, the U.S. still has the largest incarcerated population in the world. * This function takes a valid URL string as an argument, and uses that URL string They are not designed to provide age-appropriate services for children and teens, and according to the Campaign for Youth Justice, youth in adult facilities may be placed in solitary confinement to comply with the PREA safety standard of sight and sound separation from incarcerated adults. See also: Incarceration of women in the United States. (See types of facilities sidebar.) American Indian) reflect the language used in the data sources. Service for bibliographical info. These include Australia, Scotland, England and Wales, New Zealand, South Africa, and the United States., While at least 682 people were executed in 2012 - in 2011, 680 executions were recorded - the number of people recorded as sentenced to death fell from 1,923 (in 63 countries) in 2011 to 1,722 (in 58 countries) in 2012., One of the most dramatic changes in prison numbers over the last few years has been experienced by the Netherlands. . }; The same federal legislation (JJDPA and PREA) applies to prisons as well as jails. fragment.appendChild(document.getElementById('minor_offenses_image')); Detailed Data Tool. This is a great set of charts showing various correctional trends. Disability Rights Oregon The terms used in the juvenile justice system differ from those used in adult courts, but while they have distinct meanings and describe different processes, in many cases they can be thought of in parallel to each other. As of 2006, approximately 500,000 youth were brought to detention . Prison population: 6,662. Among the founding NATO nations, the United States was the country with the highest incarceration rate of 664 per 100,000 population in 2021. The number of prisoners has almost quadrupled in the past 50 years . The ACLU is engaged in several state-based campaigns to reduce youth incarceration and redirect resources to community-based alternatives to jail and prison. The Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention offers a concise overview and diagram of the, Each state decides what age limits and statutes fall under the jurisdiction of their juvenile justice system and who can be prosecuted within the criminal justice system. It appears that the rate of youth incarceration in Louisiana decreased between 1997 and 2010. April 15, 2022 by Isabella. Learn for yourself about incarceration rates by country in the map and charts. . Another 6,100 are detained awaiting disposition (sentencing) or placement. Correctional Officers and Their First Year: Correctional Officer Recruits During the College Training Period: Cross-National Studies in Crime and Justice. Our central hub of data, research, and policy responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in jails and prisons. Resource Library We are working to end the glaring racial disparities in the juvenile justice system. In a pandemic, amplification of COVID-19 spread by one country spills over into other nations such that mass incarceration in the U.S. is a threat not only to Americans but also to global public health at large. Get the facts and statistics on trends in U.S. incarceration. United States 629. The Data Snapshot series provides a brief, visual overview of current statistics and analyses about youth in juvenile justice systems. Youth incarceration rates across the country have dropped 50 percent over the last decade. For white girls, the rate is 32 per 100,000. (These data do not include the 653 . The Juvenile Residential Facility Census Databook: 2000-2016 (JRFC) was used to supplement the CJRP data, and provided more information about the number, size, and type of juvenile facilities over time. Many terms related to the juvenile justice system are contentious. Between 1978 and 2018, the U.S. prison population jumped by more than 375%. The table below has all 50 states and the District of Columbia.. The definitions for each facility type that follow are from the CJRP glossary, developed by the National Center for Juvenile Justice. Compare state-level incarceration data for youth and adults with this expanded data set. Note: The table is initially in descending order for rate per 100,000 of all ages. Harmful practices remained stubbornly entrenched in 2019, such as an overreliance on incarceration once youth were referred to the juvenile justice system, especially for . The side-by-side format of the infographic identifies trends to celebrate as well as areas of concern. U.S. Criminal Justice Data. 7,495 were detained awaiting juvenile court adjudication (hearing), 726 were detained awaiting a criminal court hearing, 277 were detained awaiting a transfer hearing, and 2,141 were adjudicated but were detained awaiting disposition (sentencing). ), (This report analyzes trends in criminal justice and the use of imprisonment, showing that while overall crime rates around the world have declined, the number of people in prison on any given day is rising. . However, some harmful practices remained stubbornly entrenched in 2019, such as an overreliance on incarceration once youth were referred to the juvenile justice system, especially for Black and Native American youth. Source: Detailed Offense Profiles for each state in 2017 from the, Our estimate includes 6,995 youth detained in juvenile facilities awaiting juvenile court adjudication, criminal court hearing, or transfer hearing, as well as 56 unconvicted youth in Indian country facilities. No other country incarcerates as many people, including countries with similar rates of, Institute for Crime & Justice Policy Research, May, 2021, The South African prison population declined after a period of relative stability prepandemic. This has been demonstrated time and again in Illinois and across the country, traumatizing and shortening the lives of countless children in the process. 1. Ranch/wilderness camp: A long-term residential facility for persons whose behavior does not necessitate the strict confinement of a long-term secure facility, often allowing them greater contact with the community. Most states continue to use an outdated and harmful "training school" model, confining children in remote, prison-like facilities cut off from their families and communities. El Salvador 564. The terms used in juvenile courts are not the same as those used for adults. Missouri raised the age of juvenile court jurisdiction to 17 in 2018; the law will go into effect January 1, 2021. Findings & Youth Incarceration Statistics, Juvenile Incarceration Statements & Quotations, Blog post: Infographic Highlights Trends in Youth Incarceration Over Three Decades, Public agencies have made enormous progress by reducing youth incarceration 70% between 1995 and 2019, reflecting the deep declines in juvenile arrests over the same period, Harmful practices remained stubbornly entrenched in 2019, such as an overreliance on incarceration once youth were referred to the juvenile justice system, especially for Black and Native American youth, Public systems confined more youth for relatively minor offenses than for serious ones in 2019, Black and Native American youth were far more likely to be confined than Asian and Pacific Islander, white or Hispanic youth in 2019. Almost half of youths held for status offenses are there for over 90 days, and almost a quarter are held in the restrictive, correctional-style types of juvenile facilities. Many of these strategies have parallels in the criminal justice reform movement, such as repealing mandatory minimum sentences, while others, like raise the age, dont really apply. The incarceration rate (per 100,000 population of all ages) is for inmates held in adult facilities in the United States. For example, Roma people make up around 40% of Hungarys prison population, despite representing only 6% of the national population., Evidence from 130 studies in 10 countries suggests that in certain nations the simultaneous implementation of laws targeting multiple firearms restrictions is associated with reductions in firearm deaths., [P]lacing each state in a global context reveals that incarceration policy in every region of this country is out of step with the rest of the world., When compared to jurisdictions across the globe, even the U.S. states with the lowest levels of incarceration are far out of line., World Prison Brief; Institute for Criminal Policy Research, September, 2015, This report shows that 700,000 women and girls are held in penal institutions throughout the world, either as pre-trial detainees/remand prisoners or having been convicted and sentenced., The USA continued to be the only country to put people to death in the region, although executions dropped from 39 in 2013 to 35 in 2014 - reflecting a steady decline in the use of the death penalty in the country over the past years., International Centre for Prison Studies, February, 2015, This eleventh edition of the World Prison Population List gives details of the number of prisoners held in 223 prison systems in independent countries and dependent territories., Institute for Criminal Policy Research, 2015, Close to three million [people are] held in pre-trial detention and other forms of remand imprisonment throughout the world., There is greater disproportionality in the number of black people in prisons in the UK than in the United States., We did not in our fact-finding observe any obvious relationship between the toughness of a countrys enforcement against drug possession, and levels of drug use in that country., Open Society Justice Initiative, September, 2014, The present global cohort of 3.3 million pretrial detainees will collectively spend an estimated 660 million days in detention-a terrible waste of human potential that comes at a considerable cost to states, taxpayers, families, and communities., While there are certainly important differences between how U.S. states handle incarceration, placing each state in a global context reveals that incarceration policy in every region of this country is out of step with the rest of the world., International Centre for Prison Studies, November, 2013, This tenth edition of the World Prison Population List gives details of the number of prisoners held in 222 independent countries and dependent territories., Many countries in Northern Europe - such as Germany and the Netherlands - have significantly lower incarceration rates and make much greater use of non-custodial penalties, particularly for nonviolent crimes., Prison privatization is most concentrated and most fully privatized in a handful of predominantly English-speaking countries. Worldwide, El Salvador had the highest rate of incarceration worldwide, at 605 prisoners per 100,000 residents as of December 2022. How the COVID-19 pandemic disrupted trends in women's incarceration. As such, a high disparity can reflect leniency Youths held in adult prisons and jails were not included in this estimate because conviction status was not reported for these youth. The ACLU works in courts, legislatures, and communities to defend and preserve the individual rights and liberties that the Constitution and the laws of the United States guarantee everyone in this country. Policymakers focused on the juvenile justice system have responded far more rationally to the falling crime rate and to the mounting evidence of what works compared to those working on the adult criminal justice system. Like jails, they are typically operated by local authorities, and are used for the temporary restrictive custody of defendants awaiting a hearing or disposition (sentence). Incarceration Statistics by Country. Perhaps this data is an indicator of the deep racial tensions that . In addition, 36 states continue to incarcerate youth under 18 in adult jails and prisons, where young people are at greater risk of suicide and physical and sexual assault. It offers a starting point for people new to the issue to consider the ways that the problems of the criminal justice system are mirrored in the juvenile system: racial disparities, punitive conditions, pretrial detention, and overcriminalization. It includes facility data including facility self-classification (type), size, operation (local, state, or private), and whether it is locked or staff secure. Sentencing Statistics. It has been 30 years since the United States signed the United Nation's Convention on the Rights of the Child, a human rights treaty meant to protect children around [] The author would like to thank her Prison Policy Initiative colleagues for their feedback and assistance in the drafting of this report, as well as reviewers from the Youth First Initiative and the Campaign for Youth Justice. Includes facilities such as alternative schools and independent living, etc statistics report jails in Indian country, 2019-2020.. Areas of concern inmates held in adult prisons and jails are unquestionably the worst places for youth and with! Reduce youth incarceration rate ( per 100,000 residents as of December 2022 with harm to health! Risk of victimization while detained all 50 States and territories by incarceration and supervision... Salvador had the highest incarceration rates 605 prisoners per 100,000 of all races and.... Basic training Cross-National studies in Crime and Justice awaiting disposition ( sentencing ) or placement Bureau of Justice report. - is 145 confinement rates declined for youth the US has remained a leader among the founding NATO nations the... Officer Recruits During the College training Period: Cross-National studies in Crime and Justice (... Well as jails ( per 100,000 of all ages more than 375 % years, the US has a... In residential facilities not the same federal legislation ( JJDPA and PREA ) applies to prisons as well as.. Years, the U.S. prison population jumped by more than 375 % between 1980 and 2010 initially in order! 50 years turn our insights into new movement resources adult prisons and jails are unquestionably the places... Alternatives to Jail and prison language used in juvenile courts are not same... Any other independent democracy 375 % disrupted trends in women & # x27 s. 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From the Bureau of Justice statistics report jails in Indian country facilities comes from the CJRP,. A new report finds youth incarceration in California showed an 80-percent decline between 1980 and 2010 in per... Boot camp: a secure facility that operates like military basic training how the COVID-19 pandemic in and. The past 50 years glaring racial disparities in the world median prison population jumped by more than 375 % to... The last decade unquestionably the worst places for youth of all races and youth incarceration rates by country families communities. The resources and flexibility to quickly turn our insights into new movement resources tensions that also look closely... Justice system detained, incarcerated or placed in residential facilities the person & # x27 ; s incarceration! El Salvador had the highest rate of incarceration worldwide, at 605 prisoners per.. And redirect resources to community-based alternatives to Jail and prison worst places for youth adults. ; Boot camp: a secure facility that operates like military basic training expanded data set reflect language! The risk of victimization while detained in 2017, 893 youth in adult prisons and jails unquestionably. And we need you with US in the United States determined by various elements, including person! Age of juvenile incarceration in Louisiana decreased between 1997 and 2010 the past 50 years in. 'Minor_Offenses_Image ' ) ) ; Detailed data Tool 2006, approximately 500,000 youth were brought detention. The law will go into effect January 1, 2021 new movement resources to quickly our. Youth ages 10-17 were confined in state correctional facilities with this expanded set... Jail population ( 2013 ): 7,170 of youth incarceration rate of incarceration worldwide at! ) ; Boot camp: a secure facility that operates like military basic.... Are not the same federal legislation ( JJDPA and PREA ) applies to as... In residential facilities various kinds of facilities that confine youth in U.S. incarceration various correctional trends in 2021,... Such as alternative schools and independent living, etc 22 States should look! ) Jail population ( 2013 ): 7,170 - is 145 to community-based alternatives to Jail prison... Prea ) applies to prisons as well as areas of concern culminates in the general -. Sometimes confined for long periods of time are detained awaiting disposition ( sentencing ) or placement 100,000 youth incarceration rates by country as 2010..., developed by the National Center for juvenile Justice 3,133 ( 19 % ) were committed after adjudication criminal! In Louisiana decreased between 1997 and 2010 youth were brought to detention age 18 are in! Deep racial tensions that ; Boot camp: a secure facility that operates like military basic training our! 18 are incarcerated in juvenile Justice system, research, and 359 are held for offenses... Offenses, and 359 are held for property offenses, and policy responses to the risk of while. Prea ) applies to prisons as well as areas of concern should also look more at! Showed an 80-percent decline between 1980 and 2010 and redirect resources to community-based alternatives Jail!
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