Disclosure:Please note that some of the links in this post are affiliate links. The Nayar were a subcaste in India. See: formal polyandry and informal polyandry. Thus, exogamy meaning is defined as intentionally marrying outside one's group, clan, or social unit. (Matrilocal residence can more readily accommodate polygyny if it is sororal because sisters grow up in the same household.). Research has found that. Fathers brothers daughter marriage is strongly predicted by a societys involvement with Islam going back to the 8th century Arab Khalifate (Korotayev 2000). As stated, there are many exogamy examples within the native peoples of North America and Australia. It is also likely that exogamy evolved as a way to promote cooperation between groups. If a mother has to leave her hatchlings in a nest when she gathers food, they have little chance of survival. See theTeaching eHRAF Exercise on Marriage and Family for suggestions. As discussed in the sexuality and adolescence modules, research suggests that in these situations there is a greater likelihood that boys will have conflict about their gender identity and hence will exhibit more defensive masculine behavior as they grow up. The opposite of this concept is endogamy, or marriage within one's own social group. 1976. Thus, such marriages are a way of consolidating wealth in societies with strong Islamic traditions. In addition, families may encourage their children to marry someone from a wealthy or influential family in order to gain social status or improve their financial prospects. Why? Australian Aboriginal people live in family or kin groups. In other cultures, social recognition of marriage is dependent on a successful trial period. If their society has extended family households (composed of two or more family units linked by at least one blood tie), a married couple will typically move into a household already in existence. Silas (1926) explains that, Marriage is accompanied by hardly any public ceremony or riteapart from the placing of the stones and an exchange of gifts between the husband and the relatives of the bride, there is no formal ceremony; the wife simply joins the man, and they set up house together (1926, 150), Cross-cultural researchers have examined the predictors of the degree of marriage ceremony complexity. If societies with more complex marriage celebrations are more invested in marriage, it stands to reason that they may be more likely to incorporate economic transactions into the union. So, what is exogamy? Frazer[11] says that exogamy was begun to maintain the survival of family groups, especially when single families became larger political groups. Among the societies with more elaborate ceremonies are the Hopi, of the U.S. Southwest, who practice a wedding ceremony that lasts four days. mile Durkheim[9] derives exogamy from totemism. In the Nayar case, men were typically engaged in soldiering; in the Na case, men organized caravans for long-distance trade. Often members of such families live in a demarcated compound of some sort with multiple dwellings. In about half the societies around the world (48%), parents or other elders play an important role in arranging a marriage; in the remaining societies, individual choice is the major way a potential spouse is identified. The opposite situation holds for matrilineal societies, but this time, assuming you cant marry in your kin group, only your matrilateral parallel cousins mothers sisters childrenwill be in your kin group. In this module, we concentrate on marriage and family customs involving at least one man and one woman because although homosexual behavior is not rare, same-sex marriage is rare cross-culturally. The Inuit assign totem names to each half of the moiety. By having sons marry a fathers brothers daughter, who is in the same kin group, any inheritance of property by the wife would stay within the control of the patrilineal kin group. [4], Nancy Wilmsen Thornhill states that the drive in humans to not reproduce or be attracted to one's immediate family is evolutionarily adaptive, as it reduces the risk of children having genetic defects caused by inbreeding, as a result of inheriting two copies of a deleterious recessive gene. 1965. Pathogen stress is more likely to be problematic when populations are denser. In other words, a marriage outside the lineage group is . The etymology of exogamy shows that the word can be broken down into two parts: ''exo'', meaning outside or outer, and ''gamy'', referring to marriage anthropologically or fertilization in biology. Exogamy is the practice of marrying someone from outside one's own community. 1975. The authors postulate that, in the absence of a social network system to support people when they grow old, having children is vital for parents future survival. Bondarenko, Dmitri M., and Andrey V. Korotayev. In such societies, marrying a first cousin combined with marrying within the community predicts lower divorce rates even more strongly. In such a situation it becomes interesting to differentiate between the close kin and the descent or lineage. Some men will be unmarried, some men will only have one wife, and some will be currently monogamous but marry polygynously later. crime Since pathogen stress is higher in tropical regions (Low 1990), this result may partially explain why polygyny is higher in such regions. - Definition & History, Cultural Diversity Issues in the Criminal Justice System, Working Scholars Bringing Tuition-Free College to the Community. However, sometimes parents still have to approve the choice. In exogamous marriages, the partner is found outside of the group, while in endogamous marriage, the partner is found within the same social or cultural group. Nimkoff and Middleton (1960) assume that more stable and abundant food supplies are necessary for the support of extended family households living in one place. In the diagram below, a circle stands for a female, a triangle for a male, and an equal sign for a marriage. Ember, Carol R., Melvin Ember, and Peter N. Peregrine. PLoS ONE., Parallel-Cousin (FBD) Marriage, Islamization, and Arabization., Polygyny and Democracy: A Cross-Cultural Comparison., Status of Women, Female Contribution to Subsistence, and Monopolization of Information: Further Cross-Cultural Comparisons., The Structural Implications of Matrilateral Cross-Cousin Marriage., Mate-Selection Systems and Criteria: Variation according to Family Structure., Marriage Systems and Pathogen Stress in Human Societies., Explaining marriage patterns in a globally representative sample through socio-ecology and population history: A Bayesian phylogenetic analysis using a new supertree., Cultural Patterning of Sexual Beliefs and Behavior., WifeHusband Intimacy and Female Status in Cross-Cultural Perspective., Romantic Love and Family Organization: A Case for Romantic Love as a Biosocial Universal., Ethnographic Atlas, Installments i-Xxvii., Toward Monogamy: A Cross-Cultural Study of Correlates of Type of Marriage., On the Conditions Favoring Extended Family Households., Evolutionary ecology of human pair-bonds : Cross-cultural tests of alternative hypotheses., Divorce for childlessness and the regulation of adultery., Correction to: Greater wealth inequality, less polygyny: rethinking the polygyny threshold model., Marriage Transactions: Labor, Property, Status., Extracted-food resource-defense polygyny in native western north American Societies at contact., Evolutionary History of Hunter-Gatherer Marriage Practices., Causes of Polygyny: Ecology, Economy, Kinship, and Warfare., Effects of climate on certain cultural practices., Aloofness and Intimacy of Husbands and Wives: A Cross-Cultural Study., Customs Regarding Whom One Can or Cannot Marry. In many mammal species that browse or graze on vegetation, babies can walk shortly after birth and travel with their mother as she feeds, allowing them to nurse with little impediment. In contrast, in socially simpler societies, the entire population of able-bodied men may be expected to be warriors.6. [19] It is also used to describe families in Atlantic Canada with a Francophone and an Anglophone parent. Cultural differences b/w the spouses may lead to maladjustment and dissatisfaction. (In contrast, bride price and bride service are directed at the brides kin, not to the bride or the new household). Children from a marriage are symbolized by a downward line from the marriage. Regions with high incidence of endemic pathogen stress are more likely to have cousin marriage (Hoben, Buunk, and Fisher 2016). Because inbreeding is generally deleterious (first cousins share 1/8 of their genes and therefore have a higher likelihood of producing a child with a double recessive gene), theory suggests that is advantageous to forbid cousin marriage the more likely it will occur by chance. some social stratification but generally less than three levels of classes or castes. Strengthen bonds between large communities by creating familial bonds by marriage. Unless people can marry within their kin group, which is usually not commonly allowed in unilineal societies, none of the cousins on your mothers side will be in your patrilineal kin group. Unfortunately, they did not measure family in exactly the same way as Nimkoff and Middleton (they termed their variable family complexity and included societies with considerable polygyny in the same category with extended family households. White, Douglas R., and Michael L. Burton. castle And, in both cases, males were frequently absent. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Higher divorce rates are predicted by. Family relationships may also be affected by the type and form of marriage. Biological exogamy is marriage of non blood-related beings, regulated by forms of incest law. Exogamy is also practiced for practical reasons. Greater social involvement in the marriage (Frayser 1985). In effect, the bride becomes part of the groom's culture and must take on the attributes of that culture. A type of polyandry where a womans husbands are all considered to be her childrens fathers, contribute to their wellbeing, and live with their wife. If a father can stay with them, or take turns with the mother, survival chances improve greatly. Why? Extramarital sex or reproductive issues as grounds for divorce (Frayser 1985). Starkweather and Hames (2012) theorize that by practicing polyandry males are able to increase their chances of paternity in an environment where females are scarce. They should also show appreciation and kindness towards each other. Rosenblatt, Paul C., and Walter J. Hillabrant. Cultural exogamy is marrying outside a specific cultural group; the opposite being endogamy, marriage within a social group. Extended family households range from small two-unit families, to large families with 3-4 generations of related individuals. First, the relationship between female subsistence contribution and polygyny appears to be mostly applicable to nonsororal polygyny (Heath 1958; Korotayev and Cardinale 2003). medieval By implication, when production is household-based, the broader family is likely to exert control on marriage choice. When women have more status they are more likely to have expanded economic opportunities. These are most often the locus of exogamy; marrying a member of ones own clan or moiety typically constitutes a form of incest. One theory is that women play a larger role in producing children than men do, so there will be competition amongst males for a bride. An exogamous marital arrangement is one where individuals marry outside of their own social group. The rule that specifies marriage to a person from outside ones own group (kin, caste, or community). Being able to engage in sex prior to marriage combined with the ability to choose a partner presumably enhances the likelihood that marriage partners will be compatible and ultimately happier together. The first is the relative absence of the father which, as discussed earlier, may enhance aggressive and dominant behaviors on the part of males. More husband-wife aloofness (Whiting and Whiting 1975; de Munck and Korotayev 2007). Agriculture or fishing are dominant forms of subsistence and communities are sedentary (Nimkoff and Middleton 1960). However, they found that the complexity of a society introduced a qualification, namely that, High mortality rate predicts nonsororal polygyny in non-state societies, but not in state societies. Ackerman (1963) suggests that the degree to which a spouse is incorporated into a societys descent structure is more predictive. Confinement of womens reproductive potential to one man (Frayser 1985). High male mortality in warfare (M. Ember 1974, 1984). Corrections? The neighboring villagers in the community bring presents for the bride for these three days, and then the grooms paternal aunts engage in a ceremonial fight against the bride with mud, which is blocked by the grooms maternal kin. [ 9 ] derives exogamy from totemism more readily accommodate polygyny if it is sororal because sisters grow in... Note that some of the moiety ( Whiting and Whiting 1975 ; de Munck Korotayev! Regions with high incidence of endemic pathogen stress are more likely to have economic... 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