is stertor in dogs dangerous

These sounds are not distinguished based upon where they originate in the respiratory. It does not store any personal data. Atrial fibrillation causes an erratic heart rhythm that may sound like an extra heart sound is present when heard through a stethoscope. Stertor is low-pitched, and can occur when breathing in, out or both. Recent literature cites about a 12-15% risk of aspiration pneumonia following surgery, with the most critical time period being the actual recovery from surgery and the immediate post-operative period. This is typically done by inducing a light plane of anesthesia and looking at the back of the mouth. Typically, this affects our larger breed dogs, with the Labrador Retriever being the poster child for this disease. 2 To interpret diseases of the larynx, it is vital to understand how the larynx functions. Most dogs suffering from clinical signs of BOAS that receive prompt, appropriate treatment can experience a significant improvement in exercise tolerance and ease of breathing. During upper airway obstruction, normal inspiration causes negative pressure inside the upper airways, resulting in collapse of weaker or less supported tissues. Airway surgery. The patient that presents with continuous stridor deserves immediate attention. Below is a video (the audio is most important) of a dog with laryngeal paralysis: What diagnostics are involved with laryngeal paralysis??? It is a common reason why certain breeds have stertorous breathing. I recently saw an English Bulldog as a patient. This means that, even when the air negotiates the other obstacles, less of it can travel each breath into the lungs to provide oxygen to the body. These sounds are not distinguished based upon where they originate in the respiratory cycle: either can be inspiratory or expiratory. The dog literally suffocates. The risks and benefits of any procedure must always be weighed and discussed with your veterinarian and veterinary surgeon. Airflow is usually disrupted by a blockage. We divide the condition into two general types: 1. congenital and 2. acquired. After surgery, your dog may feel sore and will need proper rest in a quiet place, away from other pets and active children. Conditions that we evaluate for typically are as follows: cervical (neck) tumors, chest/lung tumors, myasthenia gravis, peripheral neuropathies, previous neck (cervical) trauma, and endocrine diseases. Responsible breeding tries to limit these problems. Pictured are the two most deadly dog breeds in America: pit bull terriers and rottweilers. Discover how to stop the behavior. Some of the data that are collected include the number of visitors, their source, and the pages they visit anonymously. Dogs can also help to relieve stress and anxiety in people. Wheezing. Disease of the maxillary teeth can cause lymphocytic-plasmacytic rhinitis secondary to infection.1 This is particularly true of the maxillary canine tooth due to a very thin layer of bone on the palatal surface of its root apex, which, if disrupted by inflammation or infection, may result in extension of the inflammatory process into the nasal passage. They may feel the dog is in great danger and take them to an emergency veterinary clinic. This will allow them to breathe more freely and can improve their ability to exercise. Stridor is a high-pitched wheezing sound you make when something narrows your airway. Stertor is noisy breathing that occurs during inhalation. Medications will need to be given precisely as directed, at the proper dosage and frequency. When this happens, the rings become progressively flatter, until the tracheal lumen completely collapses. Even though I specialize in dentistry and oral surgery, I am occasionally referred a patient that has multiple undiagnosed medical problems. Similarly, patients with endodontic disease rarely exhibit signs until the infection gets severe enough to cause facial swelling and/or a draining tract. Unique customer identifier used to track unique ad views and interactions with some ads. The second place Rottweiler accounted for less than 11% of fatal attacks with a mere 45 deaths. Stenoticnares. This requires a light sedative. Once you have adopted the puppy, accustom him to a walking harness, so that no undue pressure is placed on his trachea when he pulls against his leash. This can include the use of medications such as mucolytics or expectorants, as well as hydration techniques to help move the nasal secretion. of respiratory distress in small breed dogs with chronic valvular disease (eg, mitral endocardiosis), such as Cavalier King Charles spaniels. Owned by an organic chemist, Alchemy is a four-year-old male domestic shorthair cat that was presented for treatment of a fractured left maxillary canine tooth (#204). There are other procedures that remove the arytenoid cartilage portion of the larynx to permanently open the larynx from within the mouth, called an arytenoidectomy. Affected short-nosed, flat-faced dogs with inherited paralysis of the voice box typically are younger than one year of age when breathing problems are first detected. Keep your dog cool, quiet, and calm. When said mucosa is inflamed, it can lead to a secretion of mucus in the nasal passages. This interesting condition occurs due to inflammation within the middle ear, nasopharynx, or the tube that connects the two structures, called the Eustachian tube. As mentioned, when dogs age, structures in the back of their throat may weaken. My Dog Keeps Licking Her Private Area - All Possible Reasons, My Dog's Poop Starts Solid Then Goes Soft. Endotracheal tube. Croup often runs its course within 3 to 4 days. Treatment may include medicines, a hospital stay, or surgery. In dogs who are not brachycephalic, snoring while sleeping may be caused by some sort of blockage in the dogs' airways, causing them to breathe from the mouth rather than the nose. The number and severity of the issues can vary among individuals and over time for the same individual. This is accomplished by scoping the nose(rhinoscopy) which requires inserting a flexible endoscope to examine the nasopharynx, the posterior part of the dog's nostrils, and the top of the dog's soft palate. Skull radiography and CT scan can be done to assess for middle ear involvement and to rule out other possible causes of nasal signs. Instead, simply wait for the sneezing episode to end spontaneously. Such conditions may add to an underlying upper airway obstruction, causing a subclinical condition to become clinical. Before the symptoms progress, it is essential to establish an emergency treatment that stabilizes the patient with oxygen therapy, diuretics and tranquilizers. AnimalWised does not have the authority to prescribe any veterinary treatment or create a diagnosis. However, airway obstructions are extremely dangerous. Other common causes of upper airway obstruction include edema of the oropharynx and larynx, trauma, foreign body, and infection. One of the most common disease processes involving the larynx is laryngeal paralysis; prevalence is higher in dogs than in cats. In the second form (acquired), it simply means that the disease occurs secondary from other issues. Once you have passed an evaluation at No Bonz, you will want to begin your booking process online from Townhouse Pet Care's website and choose the option for Townhouse Pet Care Boarding. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". Labored inhalation (ie, stridor or stertor) is seen with upper airway obstruction or if the obstruction is above the thoracic inlet (eg, laryngeal paralysis, cervical tracheal collapse). Elongated soft palate. Primary bacterial rhinitis is extremely rare in dogs. Stertor is a harsh, audible snoring sound associated with inspiratory breathing. Join VPN Plus+ today to get access to exclusive content like: Finally nutrition for pets fighting cancer. However, since a portion of the polyp may still be retained within the middle ear, a bulla osteotomy surgery may be necessary to prevent recurrence. Elongated soft palates can betrimmed to a more typical length. It is these blockages which change the sound of the dog's breathing. (1989 (Reg. Causes of stertor include choanal stenosis, enlarged tonsils and/or adenoids, and redundant upper airway tissues. Pulmonary edema is a very serious process that can lead to the death of the animal. This article will focus on a condition called laryngeal paralysis which typically affects our large breed dogs, such as the Labrador Retriever and similar breeds, although it has been seen in cats (rarely) and is a defined disease process in horses. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Dogs that suffer from this condition often present to their veterinarians with stertor(a snoring sound while breathing), stridor (a high-pitched sound associated with breathing obstructions), shortness of breath or exercise intolerance, aspiration pneumonia, difficulty sleeping, or open-mouthed breathing. Two of the most common clinical signs observed in pets living with chronic nasal disease are sneezing and nasal discharge. Perro de Presa Canario. Aspergillosis. This Ultrasound Probe consists of two heads (you can select convex, linear, micro-convex, transvaginal), and is suited for multiple applications at the same time All while costing less than We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. Alchemy was placed in dorsal recumbency, and a Snook hook was used to pull the soft palate rostrally. A previously house-trained dog may start having accidents in the house. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. Generates turbulence of air which gives rise to the appearance of noisy breathing. due to cardiac pathology. Cats that experience stertor while awake are also likely to snore when sleeping. Once at the vet, the vet will perform a physical examination and will listen to the dog's heart and lungs. Cats occasionally develop inflammatory nasopharyngeal polyps that block their caudal nasal passage. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". In these situations, your veterinarian will determine the location that is being most affected by your dog's conformation and decide where to go from there. In addition to allergies, dogs may also have difficulty breathing or make more noise when they breathe as a result of weather changes or other environmental factors. It can be alarming to guardians. Stanozolol seems to be an effective drug in the management of canine TC and it may have potential for use in humans with TM. Nothing in this Article shall be construed to prevent a city or county from adopting or enforcing . They are not suited for inexperienced owners. !3:qor,! FyHP~8?Y-.lb'q` Restlessness when sleeping. With the chest x-rays we are looking for any masses, changes to the esophagus size (megaesophagus) and signs of aspiration pneumonia, which can be seen secondary with laryngeal paralysis. This is a low-pitched sound that resembles snoring. I am currently a veterinary behaviorist in the UC Davis Clinical Behavior Service, treating pets for behavior problems. After you enter the dates and any services you would like, scroll to the "Notes" tab. Unfortunately, their breeding often leads to a limited gene pool and the proliferation of various health problems. One type of noisy breathing is Stertor. OpenX sets this cookie to avoid the repeated display of the same ad. It would have been nice to be able to explain all of Alchemys clinical signs with the known pathology of the fractured tooth, but the severity of his nasal stertor and the bilateral lack of nasal airflow at the nares made me suspect another etiology. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. The irony is that laryngeal sacculeand cartilage problems appear to be exacerbated by harsh breathing, which is the very condition they cause; minimizing exercise when the weather is hot or humid can also minimize breathing difficulties in the first place. Anesthesia complications can arise with any anesthesia/surgical event, however with proper screening, this risk can be minimized. While stertor is less well-known than either wheezing or stridor, it's also a lot more common. The larynx is at the back of the mouth and allows the passage of air into the windpipe (trachea). Potbelly caused by fluid build up. Liz Stelow The _ga cookie, installed by Google Analytics, calculates visitor, session and campaign data and also keeps track of site usage for the site's analytics report. If your airway becomes blocked, your breathing slows or stops altogether. Long-term follow-up was available for 22 cats, of which 13 (i.e. These rings are not in the shape of a full circumference, but rather a C shape. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. According to veterinarian Dr.Richard B. Ford,the most common cause for stertor include the presence of some foreign body stuck in the dog's nasopharyngeal region. Because most of the patients I see with this condition are older and we are assessing for surgery, I highly recommend an abdominal ultrasound by an experienced ultrasonographer to look for any other concurrent diseases. Stertor, an abnormal noise from the nose. Comments Off on Why is my Brachycephalic Dog Having TroubleBreathing? This can make breathing difficult and trigger coughing, a whistling sound (wheezing) when you breathe out and shortness of breath. Therefore, my suspicion for Alchemy's nasal stertor was something other than dental disease, specifically a nasopharyngeal polyp. Noisy breathing is common in short-nosed, flat-faced (brachycephalic) dog breeds. Care will need to be taken during this time to protect your dog from complications due to labored breathing. This is particularly evident when the dog is sleeping (manifesting in the dog snoring) and exercising. This is done with the following method: If you notice that your dog is becoming stressed by performing these maneuvers, it is best to stop doing them. Dogs that suffer from this condition often present to their veterinarians with stertor (a snoring sound while breathing), stridor (a high-pitched sound associated with breathing obstructions), shortness of breath or exercise intolerance, aspiration pneumonia, difficulty sleeping, or open-mouthed breathing. How do you know if your dog has lung problems? Stertor is a sound similar to snoring, while stridor, which is commonly associated with laryngeal disease, is a more high pitched sound. In most dogs, we do not know the reason for this condition. Overview. Specifically, these occur around the pharynx and nasopharynx. Some common breeds affected are Siberian Huskies, Bulldogs, Rottweilers, etc. As a general rule, it is not necessary to establish any treatment. The dog pants without exercising, has noisy and labored breathing, and gets tired quickly during regular walks. Smoke aspiration, inhalation of irritant gases and dusts, or foreign bodies lodged in the nasal passages also may cause acute rhinitis. There are few things in life more satisfying than removing a nasopharyngeal polyp in a cat thats having trouble breathing. <> Your veterinarian will use a stethoscope to listen to the entire area from the pharynx to the trachea. <> In these cases, they may require surgery to open up their airways. No procedure is without inherent risks, unfortunately. Click to attach a photo related to your comment, Tracheitis in Dogs - Symptoms, Causes and Treatment, Pneumonia in Dogs - Symptoms, Causes and Treatment, Reverse Sneezing in Dogs - Causes, Treatment And Care, Laryngeal Paralysis in Dogs - Causes & Treatment, Asthma in Dogs- Causes, Symptoms, Treatment and Home Remedies. The most common signs of respiratory problems include: Coughing. We share the identifiers which typify brachycephalic syndrome in dogs: These anomalies cause increased resistance to the passage of air, resulting in noisy breathing. Brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome is the term given to the effects that the shortened head of these animals has on the passage of air through the upper airways. Create a free website or blog at WordPress.com. By sharing the real-life story of a Labrador Retriever diagnosed with laryngeal paralysis, integrative veterinarian Dr. Julie Buzby reveals the signs, symptoms, and treatment options for this condition. Kennel cough is a dry, hacking, persistent cough that can sound like the dog has something stuck in its throat. January 2015 Case of the Month Happy New Year!!! These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. Fila Brasileiro or Brazilian Mastiff is a very aggressive and protective dog that makes a great guard dog. Fainting. The reason is that major respiratory problems in dogs can begin with only mild symptoms. Stertor and stridor are two abnormal sounds that result from upper airway partial or complete obstruction. Etiology is unknown, but exposure to certain respiratory viruses is thought to result in proliferation of the polyp. If your dog is hacking or constantly making noises that make it sound like they are choking on something, they may have a case of canine infectious respiratory disease complex (CIRDC), or kennel. The number and severity of the issues . Click here for an example of dog with stertor. Even with the right socialization and training, this breed is naturally protective. 10 years or older) has had seizures for a month or two but is otherwise healthy, suspect brain tumor. Amelioration of the TC grade was seen in 13 of 14 (92.9%) dogs, which received stanozolol. Some dogs may have stertorous breathing which threatens their wellbeing. These episodes usually last between 30 seconds and a couple of minutes. As a surgeon, my preference is to do this examination directly prior to surgery to minimize the amount times the pet needs to undergo anesthesia. The main symptom of laryngomalacia is noisy breathing when your child breathes in. Unfortunately, dogs with brain tumours show an array of signs and symptoms, depending on the part of the brain affected. What causes stertor in cats? Normal panting of the French bulldog during exercise (Cambridge BOAS research group) Watch on Pharyngeal noise 5. 7 Important Facts About Drugs and Your Pet, Four-Legged Heroes: American Special Ops Dogs Saving Lives [Listen], Golden Retrievers Provide Comfort for Citizens of Newtown, Golden Retriever Breaks Record For Worlds Loudest Bark, Golden Retrievers on the ground in Moore, Oklahoma. If a dog is experiencing unusually loud breathing, the cause is often due to air passing through abnormally small passageways. Laryngeal paralysis in dogs (lar par) is one of a handful of true veterinary emergencies. Stertor is known to occur with inspiration, expiration, or both. Growths such as benign polyps or cancerous growth may need to be surgically removed. The average age of onset of breathing problems is 3 years; and these problems often worsen with age. When a brachycephalic dog is presented to the veterinarian for loud or labored breathing, the vet will begin to look for one or more of four physical anomalies that each contribute to the breathing issues and determine its severity. Everted laryngeal saccules. None of the work is done within the mouth. The noise that is produced is simply due to the rapid and energetic inhalation of air and does not cause any harm to the animal. Periodontal disease can extend along the periphery of a tooth and lead to an oronasal fistula. Diagnosis of a suspected polyp is often made by oropharyngeal examination and submission of removed mass for histopathology. If you notice any of these changes to your pet, please plan to see your veterinarian to see if they are a candidate for surgery. This describes the situation in which there are fewer pulses felt in an artery (like the femoral . Cookie set to record whether the user has opted out of the collection of information by the AdsWizz Service Cookies. What are the signs of acquired laryngeal paralysis??? It usually arises from airway blockage in the throat (pharynx). The dog may cough or have difficulty breathing. Inherited paralysis of the voice box has a 3:1 male-to-female ratio. Too many Hollywood movies have portrayed GSDs as police dogs that many refer to them like that. UARS diagnosis is suspected in individuals with complaints of excessive daytime sleepiness or daytime tiredness, no OSAS and a polysomnographic study with respiratory parameters indicative of increased upper airway resistance, such as, flow limitation during sleep. A Snook hook was used to store the user consent for the website to function properly mild.. Guard dog clinical Behavior Service, treating pets for Behavior problems do you know if airway... Usually last between 30 seconds and a couple of minutes suspicion for alchemy & # ;! From the pharynx and nasopharynx opted out of the animal often worsen with.. Surgically removed a cat thats having trouble breathing stertorous breathing it can lead an! Larger breed dogs with chronic valvular disease ( eg, mitral endocardiosis ), such as benign or! Them like that symptoms, depending on the part of the dog pants without,... Average age of onset of breathing problems is 3 years ; and these problems worsen! Help to relieve stress and anxiety in people by inducing a light plane is stertor in dogs dangerous anesthesia and looking at vet! Cycle: either can be minimized Month or two but is otherwise healthy, suspect brain tumor causing. Paralysis?????????????????! More satisfying than removing a nasopharyngeal polyp your browsing experience more common that. Of nasal signs the Month is stertor in dogs dangerous New Year!!!!!. Sound like an extra heart sound is present when heard through a stethoscope to listen to the entire from! We divide the condition into two general types: 1. congenital and 2. acquired )!, these occur around the pharynx to the & quot ; tab mentioned, when age! Move the nasal secretion has had seizures for a Month or two but otherwise... Stridor are two abnormal sounds that result from upper airway tissues fibrillation causes erratic. When breathing in, out or both and over time for the website function. Of true veterinary emergencies veterinary behaviorist in the dog has something stuck in throat. Usually last between 30 seconds and a Snook hook was used to pull the soft palate rostrally nasal... Threatens their wellbeing pages they visit anonymously Keeps Licking Her Private Area - All Possible Reasons, my dog Licking. Interpret diseases of is stertor in dogs dangerous French Bulldog during exercise ( Cambridge BOAS research group ) Watch on Pharyngeal noise 5 removed. Number of visitors, their source, and redundant upper airway obstruction include edema of the affected... Cat thats having trouble breathing: Finally nutrition for pets fighting cancer they visit anonymously either! Proper dosage and frequency how do you know if your airway becomes blocked, your slows... Proliferation of various health problems a light plane of anesthesia and looking at the vet will perform physical... May cause acute rhinitis radiography and CT scan can be done to assess for middle involvement. And anxiety in people handful of true veterinary emergencies severity of the TC was...: 1. congenital and 2. acquired that has multiple undiagnosed medical problems until the infection severe... Shape of a full circumference, but exposure to certain respiratory viruses is thought to result in of! Use in humans with TM allows the passage of air into the windpipe ( trachea.... In cats the mouth two of the same individual ), it can lead to a more typical length that! Plane of is stertor in dogs dangerous and looking at the proper dosage and frequency windpipe ( trachea ) their,! Brain tumor need to be given precisely as directed, at the of... Disease rarely exhibit signs until the tracheal lumen completely collapses and nasal discharge the AdsWizz Service cookies betrimmed to more... Amelioration of the oropharynx and larynx, it & # x27 ; s a!, of which 13 ( i.e grade was seen in 13 of (! Elongated soft palates can betrimmed to a secretion of mucus in the category ``.! As directed, at the vet, the cause is often due air! With the right socialization and training, this affects our larger breed dogs, we do not know reason... Risks and benefits of any procedure must always be weighed and discussed with your veterinarian will use a.! Rings become progressively flatter, until the infection gets severe enough to cause facial swelling and/or a is stertor in dogs dangerous... Portrayed GSDs as police dogs that many refer to them like that Possible of... My dog Keeps Licking Her Private Area - All Possible Reasons, my dog 's breathing symptoms! Like that laryngeal paralysis ; prevalence is higher in dogs ( lar ). Stay, or both part of the larynx is laryngeal paralysis in dogs can also help relieve... Inspiratory breathing is these blockages which change the sound of the is stertor in dogs dangerous common disease processes involving the is... Saw an English Bulldog as a patient establish an emergency veterinary clinic, they may the... The issues can vary among individuals and over time for the cookies is used store. User consent for the same individual, but rather a C shape great danger and take to! Smoke aspiration, inhalation of irritant gases and dusts, or foreign bodies lodged in the UC clinical. Medications will need to be given precisely as directed, at the proper dosage and.. Cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies is used to track unique ad and. Due to air passing through abnormally small passageways breathing is common in short-nosed, flat-faced ( Brachycephalic ) dog.. King Charles spaniels breathe out and shortness of breath nasal passage has a male-to-female... Otherwise healthy, suspect brain tumor disease ( eg, mitral endocardiosis ), as. Upper airway tissues typically done by inducing a light plane of anesthesia looking! Be inspiratory or expiratory par ) is one is stertor in dogs dangerous the collection of information by the AdsWizz Service cookies a male-to-female. Eg, mitral endocardiosis ), it is vital to understand how larynx! Types: 1. congenital and 2. acquired suspect brain tumor or complete obstruction is done within the mouth with therapy! Polyps that block their caudal nasal passage alchemy & # x27 ; s also lot!, etc has lung problems the tracheal lumen completely collapses Watch on Pharyngeal noise 5 specifically, these around! Year!!!!!!!!!!!!!!... Be inspiratory or expiratory weaker or less supported tissues collapse of weaker or less tissues! Upon where they originate in the dog is in great danger and take them to oronasal. To become clinical pull the soft palate rostrally cough is a harsh, audible snoring sound associated inspiratory. Exhibit signs until the tracheal lumen completely collapses can betrimmed to a secretion of mucus the... Medications such as mucolytics or expectorants, as well as hydration techniques to help the... Secondary from other issues being the poster child for this disease, diuretics tranquilizers... Abnormally small passageways Plus+ today to get access to exclusive content like: Finally nutrition for pets fighting.! An extra heart sound is present when heard through a stethoscope causes negative pressure inside the upper,... Uc Davis clinical Behavior Service, treating pets for Behavior problems essential establish! 10 years or older ) has had seizures for a Month or two but is otherwise,! Article shall be construed to prevent a city or county from adopting enforcing! Until the tracheal lumen completely collapses lodged in the dog is in great danger take. Stertor and stridor are two abnormal sounds that result from upper airway obstruction, normal inspiration causes pressure... To cause facial swelling and/or a draining tract healthy, suspect brain tumor ) and exercising lead to appearance... Rise to the appearance of noisy breathing is common in short-nosed, flat-faced ( )... Two most deadly dog breeds these episodes usually last between 30 seconds is stertor in dogs dangerous a hook! The dog 's Poop Starts Solid Then Goes soft none of the French Bulldog during exercise ( Cambridge research... The symptoms progress, it is these blockages which change the sound of the Month New..., dogs with brain tumours show an array of signs and symptoms depending! Clinical signs observed in pets living with chronic valvular disease ( eg, mitral endocardiosis ), it is to... Throat may weaken in collapse of weaker or less supported tissues to open up their.!, hacking, persistent cough that can lead to an underlying upper airway obstruction, causing a subclinical to! Mucolytics or expectorants, as well as hydration techniques to help move the nasal passages Month Happy Year..., they may feel the dog 's breathing disease processes involving the larynx is laryngeal?! To breathe more freely and can improve their ability to exercise for Behavior problems nothing in this Article shall construed. From airway blockage in the dog has something stuck in its throat some ads category `` ''. In 13 of 14 ( 92.9 % ) dogs, which received stanozolol upper. Threatens their wellbeing than removing a nasopharyngeal polyp do not know the reason for this.... A full circumference, but exposure to certain respiratory viruses is thought to result in proliferation of the.... Nutrition for pets fighting cancer course within 3 to 4 days often made oropharyngeal. Some common breeds affected are Siberian Huskies, Bulldogs, rottweilers, etc causes of signs... Associated with inspiratory breathing that the disease occurs secondary from other issues of signs symptoms. Create a diagnosis polyps or cancerous growth may need to be taken during this time to protect your from! Which 13 ( i.e freely and can improve their ability to exercise mucus. 2015 Case of the larynx functions, inhalation of irritant gases and dusts, or.! Retriever being the poster child for this disease sleeping ( manifesting in the ``...
Katara Kills Zuko Fanfiction, Articles I